ABSTRACT
Objective To compare the value of automatic breast volume scanner (ABVS) with enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) in the diagnosis of breast masses.Methods Seventy-four patients with 80 breast masses underwent preoperative ultrasound examinations including ABVS and MRI.The values of ABVS and MRI in the diagnosis of breast masses were comparatively analyzed.Results Among the 80 breast masses that were surgically removed,37 masses were benign and 43 masses were malignant.The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ABVSin the diagnosis of breast malignant masses were 94.6％,79.1％,86.3％,79.5％ and 94.4％,respectively,those of MRI were 94.6 ％,86.0 ％,90.0 ％,85.4 ％ and 94.9 ％,respectively,and those of the combination of ABVS and MRI were 94.6％,93.0％,93.8％,92.1％,and 95.2％,respectively.The sensitivity and specificity were not significant difference between ABVS and MRI in the diagnosis of breast malignant masses(P ＞0.05).The specificity of the combination ABVS and MRI in the diagnosis of breast malignant masses were significantly higher than that of ABVS (x2 =4.17,P =0.04).The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of convergence sign in the diagnosis of breast malignant masses were 64.9 ％,97.7 ％ and 82.5 ％,respectively.Conclusions ABVS and MRI are both valuable in the diagnosis of breast masses,and the combination of ABVS and MRI is the most valuable due to high specificity.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of shear wave elastography and ultrasound weighted score in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules.Methods Ninety-two patients with 1 13 thyroid nodules (72 benign and 41 malignant)underwent ultrasound weighted score.The items and scores were as follow:hypoechogenicity(2),irregular margin(2),no well-defined border(1),no uniform and complete acoustic halo (1 ),microcalcification (2 ),anteroposterior to transverse diameter ratio ≥ 1 with irregular margin(6 ),nodules with cystic components which had an diameter larger than 5 mm (- 6 ), posterior enhanced echo(-2),metastasis of neck lymph nodes(6).Shear wave velocity(SWV)of thyroid nodules were measured by virtual touch tissue quantification and the mean SWV of five data was calculated. The diagnostic efficacy of shear wave elastography,ultrasound weighted score,and their combination in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules were calculated by ROC curves.The diagnostic sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of ultrasound scores,SWV,and their combination in differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules were compared.Results The ultrasound score cut-off for the diagnosis of malignant lesions was 4.5 with a sensitivity of 80.5%,specificity of 86.1 %,and accuracy of 84.1 %.The SWV cut-off for the diagnosis of malignant lesions was 2.55 m/s with a sensitivity of 70.7%, specificity of 88.9%,and accuracy of 82.3%.When two methods were combined,the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity,and accuracy were 95.1 %,80.6% and 85.8%,respectively.Comparing the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the three methods,there were no significant difference between any two methods (P >0.016 7),except that the sensitivity of combination was significantly higher than that of SWV (P <0.016 7).Conclusions Shear wave elastography and ultrasound weighted score both have high value in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules.Combining two methods can not improve diagnosis value comparing with conventional ultrasonography.
ABSTRACT
Objective To discuss the diagnostic value of distal subclavian artery flow velocity tracing for proximal segment severe stenosis.Methods 56 cases with 112 subclavian arteries were examed by ultrasonography and multidetector CT angiography respectively,then the flow velocity tracing of distal subclavian arteries had been compared with CT results.Results In all 112 subclavian arteries,there were 37without proximal segment stenosis,32 with mild stenosis,12 with moderate stenosis,and 31 with severe stenosis.Innominate arteries and other parts of subclavian arteries had no stenosis.In diagnosis of subclavian artery proximal severe stenosis using single phase single peak waveform,the sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood ratio,and negative likelihood ratio were 83.9 ％,96.3 ％,22.7,0.063 respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood ratio,and negative likelihood ratio were 100 ％,93.8 ％,16.1,0 respectively,in terms of diagnosis by application of acceleration time ≥0.11s.Conclusions The statistics of acceleration time ≥0.11 s and single phase single peak waveform have high application value in diagnosis of subclavian artery severe stenosis respectively.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation between virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) and the pathological grading of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B.Methods 64 chronic hepatitis B patients (the chronic hepatitis group) and 40 healthy volunteers (the controlled group) were collected.The patients in the chronic hepatitis group were underwent liver biopsy.According to the hepatic fibrosis degree,the patients in the test group were classified into stage 0,1,2,3 and 4.The liver shear wave velocities (SWV) of all the participant were measured by VTQ.The cut-off values were determined by an analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results The mean SWV was (1.04± 0.13)m/s in the controlled group.The SWV in stages 0,1,2,3,and 4 were (1.17 ± 0.08)m/s,(1.33 ± 0.32)m/s,(1.53 ±0.32) m/s,(2.09 ± 0.54) m/s,(2.18 ± 0.70) m/s,respectively.There was a significantly difference in SWV between the controlled group and the chronic hepatitis group (F =34.97,P =0.00).The SWV were significantly different not only between stages 0-2,and 3,but also between 0-2 and 4 (F =8.87,P =0.00).A positive correlation was observed between the liver fibrosis and the SWV in the chronic hepatitis group (r =0.67,P =0.00).When a cut off value was set at 1.43 m/s,area under ROC curve was 0.875.The sensitivity and specificity were 100 ％ and 62.5 ％.Conclusions SWV has a better correlation with liver fibrosis.VTQ can make an accurate assessment for stage 3 and stage 4 of the chronic hepatitis B.Therefore,VTQ can be used as a noninvasive and reliable diagnostic indicator for chronic hepatitis B.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation between shear wave velocity and tissue fibrosis score in thyroid space-occupying lesions.Methods The shear wave velocity of 55 thyroid space-occupying lesions was examined by virtual touch tissue quantification.The shear wave velocity of different solid parts of the lesions was detected for several times and 15 data were genarated.Then maximum and minimum value were removed.The maximum (Vmax),minimum (Vmin),mean (Vm) of shear wave velocity were calculated with the rest of 13 data.Meantime the fibrosis degree of these pathological lesions were scored by using optical micorscope.The maximum (Fmax),minimum (Fmin) and mean (Fm) fibrosis degree were calculated with these scores.Then the difference between Fmax,Fmin and Fm value of benign lesions and malignant lesions was analyzed.The linear correlation between Fmax and Vmax,Fmin and Vmin,Fm and Vm was also analysed.Results In the 55 lesions,30 lesions were benign and the rest was malignant.The Fmax,Fmin,Fm of benign lesions were 1.38 ± 1.44,0.68 ± 0.25,0.91 ± 0.73 respectively; the corresponding value of malignant lesions were 5.00 ± 1.91,3.52 ± 1.82,4.08 ± 1.75 respectively.There was significant difference between the benign group and malignant group (t test,P ＜0.01).There were linear correlation between Fmax and Vmax,Fmin and Vmin,Fm and Vm and the Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.504,0.284,0.453 respectively.Conclusions The shear wave velocity and fibrosis degree of thyroid lesions has linear relationship.The heavier the degree of fibrosis is,the faster the shear wave velocity would be.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship of the mean color vessels density (MCVD) and pathologic microvessel density(MVD) in rectal cancers and their relation with T stags and lymph node metastasis.Methods MCVD were caculated preoperationly with transrectal color power angiography(TRCPA).After operation MVD was assessed immunohistochemically using anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody.The relationships within MCVD, MVD and T stages and lymph node metastasis were analysed.Results There were positive correlation between MCVD and MVD (r=0.763, P＜0.01) in rectal cancer.There were significant difference of MCVD and MVD in both the depth of carcinoma invasion and metastasis of lymphatic nodes( P＜0.05).Conclusions MCVD can display features of the blood supply and distribution of pathologic microvessels and reflect the development of rectal cancers.MCVD is a credible index to choose available treatment and to evaluate prognosis before operation of rectal cancer.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the diagnostic value of relative parameters and time-relative-intensity curve(TRIC) in malignant and benign liver tumors with contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS). Methods Fifty-nine focal liver lesions were examined with CEUS and drawed time-intensity curve(TIC) with QLAB software. The relative parameters of malignant and benign liver tumors were calculated and analysed. The relative intensity equaled the echo intensity of lesion substracted the encho intensity of liver. TRIC were drawed with time as abscissa and relative intensity as the ordinate. The types of TIRC were analysed comparatively in different groups (benign and malignant). Results There were significant differences in relative peak time, relative peak intensity, relative enhancement time and relative decline slope between malignant and benign lesions( P ＜0. 05). TRIC appeared quick-ascending and quick-descending types in the malignant lesions,the decline curve of TRIC droped down to 0 dB at (28.24 ± 8. 14)s and down to lowest - 8 dB continually, meanwhile fluctuated slightly. While TRIC appeared slow-ascending and slow-descending types in the benign lesions, the decline curve of TRIC droped down to the lowest 4 dB continually, meanwhile fluctuated slightly. Conclusions The relative parameters and TRIC are new quantitative indicators of CEUS for diagnosis of malignant and benign liver tumors.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation between quantitative parameters with contrast-enhanced ultrasound-power Doppler(CEUS-PD) and mierovessel density (MVD) in hepatoeellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Thirty-four cases with HCC underwent CEUS before operation. The satisfactory images were selected through CEUS-PD and analyzed with computer to calculate mean color vessel density(MCVD). The blood flows of focal lesions were graded into 0-Ⅲ based on the numbers of color vessels with CEUS-PD. The correlation between those parameters and MVD counted with immunohistochemistry was analyzed after operation. Results In 34 cases with HCC, the MCVD of focal lesions with CEUS-PD was 0. 17±0.09, the pathologic MVD was (62.59 ±23.96)/400 × after operation. The MCVD was positively correlated to MVD( r = 0. 56, P <0.05). In 34 cases HCC,3 cases were in grade Ⅰ , 12 cases were in grade Ⅱ , 19 cases were in grade Ⅲ. There was significant differences in pathologic MVD of every grade ( F = 8.06, P <0.05). But there was no linear tendency in the grades( F = 7.57, P<0. 05). Conclusions In focal lesions of 34 HCC, MCVD calculated with CEUS-PD was positively correlated to pathologic MVD. It can be used to evaluate tumor blood perfusion exactly before operation.
ABSTRACT
We utilized the mass-acceleration concept according to Newton'a second law of motion to establish a mathematieal model of left ventricular active diastolic force by twodimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Twenty normal control subjects and 31 patients with coronary heart diseases were tested. The results showed that the left ventricular active diastolic force of the patients with coronary heart diseases was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.001).The authors believe that left veatricular active diastolic force is a reliable candidates for assessing the left ventricular diastolic function.
ABSTRACT
0.05).②The ophthalmic artery showed a significant increase in Vs and PI,RI 1 week postoperatively(P 0.05).Conclusions Two horizontal rectus muscle operations do cause significant hemodynamic changes in the ophthalmic artery 1 week postoperatively,but these changes in the ophthalmic artery revive normal 1 month postoperatively.
ABSTRACT
The present study intended to provide some informations about the relationship between the supraependymal structures (SES) and the periventrieular neural tissue (PVNT), and with gross dissection and scanning electron microscopy the anterior medullary velum (AMV) was observed on 20 adult rabbits. The AMV may be divided into three portions: 1. the posterior membraneous wall of the recess of the inferior colliculus; 2. the anterior roof of the fourth ventricle; and 3. the transiional portion between the two portions mentioned above. On the ependymal surface of the entire AMV. There were numerous microvilli and cilia, except for the second portion of AMV, there were also some spherical-like structures, which were 2-6?m in diameter and had lace-like processes on its surface, and supraependymal cells(SEC) which were stellate, triangular, and spindle in shape. On the cellular surface with very few SEC, the secretory granules may be seen, which were 0.1-0.3?m in diameter. The SEC often extended out 2-5 processes, and the distal parts of which expanded into a flattened shovel-like structure, which lay on or inserted into the ependymal surface. The SEC here are similar to type Ⅱ SEC seen in the third and fourth ventricles, but they may differ significantly in structures on cellular surface, e.g. the secretory granules, and in shapes of their processes. Thus, it may suggest that the SEC here may play an intermediary role between PVNT and CSF, and be another route of neurohumoral modulation.
ABSTRACT
Effective analgesia was induced by electro-acupuncture stimulating the "Zusanli"(足三里) point in the rats. The animal were sacrificed and as soon as possible and the median eminence were taken out from the brian. The specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde, then were prepared for electron microscope observation.Twelve male adult rats were divided into control and experimental groups. There were many terminal enlargements in the fibrous zone of rat's median eminence. Different types of vesicles were found in the terminal buttons, they were round clear and flattened clear vesicles, and large or small vesicles with a dense core. There were also mixed forms, and irregular vesicles in the same button. Synapses may be axo-dendrits, axo-axon or axe-somatic synaptic types.The neurous in the fibrious zone could be classified into "light" and "dark" cells. The light cells might be the neurosecretory neurons. The neuroglia cells were oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.In acupuncture analgesia experimental group the terminal enlargment contained less number of round clear vesicles than that of the control group, and sometime they were empty. This may indicate the discharge of acetylcholine, to increase the secretion of the neurosecretory substance and enkephalin. But the flattened clear vesicles had no change in the terminal button. The neurons and neroglia also exhibited some morphological changes which may indicate the cells were in active functional state.
ABSTRACT
Three fresh lungs removed from three male adult dogs were injected with ABS. This material was injected into each lobe of the lung through the pulmonary artery and bronchus simultaneously. The pressure was maintained between 200～280 mmHg. The injected specimens were digested in 20～50％ HCl and peptic solutions for 7～10 days. A part of the cast replicas of the lungs was taken off and gilded with EIKO IB-3. Under SEM (HITACHIS～450) the specimens thus prepared were observed. The chief findings were as follows:Scanning electron micrographs of the injected vascular system presented a clear, three-dimensional picture of extensive capillary networks around the individual alveoli. In the septa between alveoli the capillary networks appeared to be a single layer. These networks looked like pentagonal or hexagonal rings; the meshes in between them were smaller than the vessels themselves.The capillaries observed here in the scanning stereopicture belonged to the category of the alvioli cappilary of the subpleura; the meshes of which were larger than those of other parts.Because the numerous alveoli and capillary networks surrounding the alveoli were filled with the ABS, the position and the shape of the capillary networks can be seen very clearly.The lumen of the alveoli were polyhedron in shape, various in sizes and smooth in contour. Many imprints of the alveolar type Ⅱ cell nuclei existed on the surface. The bridge formation between alveoli were really interalveolar pores; their number and diameter varied. The function of the interalveolar pores was briefly considered in this paper.
ABSTRACT
Ten adult male rats of 250～300 g were used. These animals were divided into the control and experimental groups of 6 and 4 rats respectively. The changes of the ultrastructure of adrenocortical cells under acupuncture analgesia were observed with electron microscopy.1. The volumes of cells, nuclei and nucleoli in zona fasciculata were increased. The mitochondria was hypertrophic; its cristae transformed from the tubules into the vesicles in the external zone fasciculate. The giant mitochondria which contained paracrystallin and lipid osmiophilic substance was observed.2. The surface volume of SER membrane was increased. The smooth membrane vesicles and tubules with filaments and granules were dilated. The SER membrane vesicles were arranged around the mitochondria or lipid droplets.3. The lipid droplets with low density were dilated and accumulated in the middle part of cytoplasm. These findings might be correlated with enhancement of synthesis and utilization of cholesterol ester.4. The free ribosomes and polysomes which scattered in cytoplasm were increased. The Golgi apparatus were well developed. The lysosomes of variable sizes and densities (primary or secondary lysosomes) were abundent.5. The number and diameter of the microvilli were increased. The spaces between the adjacent cells of zona fasciculata were dilated and the intermedian junctions and gap junctions had disappeared. The subsinus space was dilated and contained numerous longer microvilli. The changes discribed above suggested that the acupuncture analgesia may enhance activity of the adrenocortical cells, both synthesis and discharge of corticoid hormone.
ABSTRACT
A 14-week human fetal kidney was studied by the method of freeze-fracture, the results were as follows:1. All the nuclei of various cells at this stage of development possess distinct nuclear pores with the same diameter and they are distributed randomly on the nuclear membrane. The intramembraneous particles on the PF of both the inner and outer nuclear membranes are more numerous than that of the EF. The morphological features of the nuclear pores vary according to the plane of their fracture face; they appear as dimples on the EF and as valcano mouth on the PF. The interior of the nucleus usually contains homogeneously dispersed particles, but no such structures were seen in thin sections. In some nuclei a round vesicle was revealed.2. The cell membrane of various cells, at this stage, shows special structures to manifest their degree of differentiation. In the less differentiated epithelial cells of the renal tubules, the cell membrane is straight and the intramembraneous particles are randomly distributed, the intromembraneous particles on PF are more than on EF, comparetively well developed tight junctions are located at the latexal surface near the apical portion of the cell while in the differentiated proximal tubules, there are many microvilli on their luminal surface, but their lateral cell membrane is still straight without interdigitations. In some tubules small processes near the basal part may be seen, however, basal fold is still absent. The basal membrane of the renal tubules is very prominent. As to the epithelial cells of the viseral layer of the renal corpuscle, gap and tight junctions are revealed while they are columnar in shape, but as they differentiated into podocyte with primary and secondary processes, the structure of tight junctions become simple, less prominent and discontinuous.3. Cytoplasm: In the process of cell differentiation the amount of cytoplasm increases and the ratio of nuclear end cytoplasmic volume decreases. The orgauelles are less in the undifferentiated cells, so the structure of the cytoplasm of them is much simpler than that of the more differentiated ones. The compartmentation phenomenon of the cytoplasm of differentiated cells become distince. In the freeze-fracture micrographs the membraneous structures, such as mitochondria, Golgi complex and secretion granules etc. are more stereoscopic than those in thin sections, but the opportunity to reveal the fine structures of various cells is minimized due to only one fracture face for each specimen and what structure will be fractured is beyond the control of the operator.
ABSTRACT
The architecture of the alveolus and its capillaries of human lung injected withsolution of ABS in methyl ethyl ketone was studied under the SEM.The results wereoutlined as follows:1.The alveolar casts were observed from the subpleural and intralobular septu-lar surfaces.The human alveolus is irregular polygon in appearance.The size ofthe alveolus is variable,its surface is smooth,there are many depressions of the topof type Ⅱ cells.The bridge-like structure between two adjacent alveoli are thecasts of the alveolar pores.They are variable both in size and number,and ofround or oval shapes with smooth surface.2.Capillaries of the subpleural space and interlobular septulum are transitional,and identical in appearance.Meshes of the capillary network are larger than thoseof other parts,but more closer in density compared with those in dog.Each capil-lary is branched from the metaarteriole.3.Capillaries in the alveolar septum is a single layer of dense network,theirdiameter are larger than those of the mesh hole.They originate mainly from thecapillaries of subpleural space and interlobular septulum.
ABSTRACT
The epithelial cells of normal human epididymis were studied by ultrathin section and freeze-etching replica techniques. It was found that the pseudostratified epithelium is composed mainly of dark-columnar, clear-columnar, ciliated, basal and few narrow-columnar cells. The ultrastructure of the epithelia from the head region to the tail of the epdidymis reveals no distinctive segmental demarcation, but transits gradually. The ciliated cells distributed chiefly in the initial segment of epididymis, fibril-like elements were found frequently in the supranuclear region of its cytoplasm, yet their function remains unknown. The dark-columnar cells as well as the clearcolumnar and the cillated cells of the head region of the epididymis exhibit the cytological ultrastructural characteristic features of absorption as is often the case with endocytotic vesicles and lysosomes, etc. These morphologycal findings confirm the view that these cells, particularly the dark-columnar cell, appear to be responsible to the absorption of testicular secretion in the epididymis. The clear-columnar and the dark-columnar cells, especially the former, in the distal portion of the epididymis possesses the secretory cytological characterestics. It is suggested that these cells were concerned with the production of the epididymis semen.In the discussion, the authors pointed out that the scientific basis for the detailed functions of the epididymis remains to be investigated further.